Types of Research-basic idea
1 . Descriptive Research
It includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kind.
The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairsas it existsat present.
In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto researchfor descriptive research studies.
The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.
Status on governance, impact of anti-ragging rule in management institute, Role of Amir khan shows on social change, popularity of govt
2. Analytical Research
The researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analysethese to make a critical evaluation of the material.
3. Applied (Action) Research
It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial business organization.
The research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research.; Eye problem due to TV watching
Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem.-Cause of drinking
4. Fundamental (basic or pure) research
It is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.
“Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or basic research.”
Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
Similarly, research studies, concerning human behavior, are also examples of fundamental research. -Color and purchase behaviour
The basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of application and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
5. Quantitative Research
It is based on the measurementof quality or amount in quantity. Number of people like the brand due to different reasons
It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. –numbers,,%
6. Conceptual Research
It is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterprets existing ones.
Ex.Bridge positioning could save wastage of expenditure on promotion
Religiosity could affect the Mall purchase behaviour
7. Empirical Research or Experimental Research
It relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental research. Role of music in retail outlets –playing music and those not playing music and its role on consumer behaviour
In such research it is necessary to get facts firsthand, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental design s which he thinks will manipulate the person or the materials concerned so a to bring for the desired information
Such research is the characterized by the experiment’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one them to study its effects.
Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way.:auto-carpurchase-gender and education and income
Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis
8. Observational Studies
In this case the data are collected by observing some process which may be well understood. Other examples can be the study of hospital records to see if they indicate that the incidence of a disease is related to blood groups, or accident records might be used to access the effects of changing traffic laws.
A sample survey, which is used to gain peoples’ attitudes to political questions or consumer goods is also a type of observational study.
9. Historical research
It is involved with the study of past events
Factors leading to the development and growth of cooperative learning.
It utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time.
ExampleAfter Gandhi the changing leadership of politicians ,the effects of decisions of the AICTES On Indian Education.
10. Correlational research
It attempts to determine whether and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable (numerical) variables.
However, it is important to remember that just because there is a significant relationship between two variables it does not follow that one variable causes the other.
When two variables are correlated you can use the relationship to predict the value on one variable for a subject if you know that subject's value on the other variable.
Correlation implies prediction but not causation.
The investigator frequently uses the correlation coefficient to report the results of Correlational research.
Examplesare The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem or The relationship between anxiety and achievement or The use of an aptitude test to predict success in an algebra course.
11.Causal-effect comparative research
It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables of the study.
The attempt is to establish that values of the independent variable have a significant effect on the dependent variable.
This type of research usually involves group comparisons.
The groups in the study make up the values of the independent variable, for example gender (male versus female), preschool attendance versus no preschool attendance, or children with a working mother versus children without a working mother.
1 . Descriptive Research
It includes surveys and fact finding enquiries of different kind.
The major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairsas it existsat present.
In social science and business research we quite often use the term Ex post facto researchfor descriptive research studies.
The main characteristic of this method is that the researcher has no control over the variables; he can only report what has happened or what is happening.
Status on governance, impact of anti-ragging rule in management institute, Role of Amir khan shows on social change, popularity of govt
2. Analytical Research
The researcher has to use facts or information already available, and analysethese to make a critical evaluation of the material.
3. Applied (Action) Research
It aims at finding a solution for an immediate problem facing a society or an industrial business organization.
The research aimed at certain conclusions (say, a solution) facing a concrete social or business problem is an example of applied research.; Eye problem due to TV watching
Research to identify social, economic or political trends that may affect a particular institution or the copy research (research to find out whether certain communications will be read and understood) or the marketing research or evaluation research are examples of applied research.
Thus, the central aim of applied research is to discover a solution for some pressing practical problem.-Cause of drinking
4. Fundamental (basic or pure) research
It is mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory.
“Gathering knowledge for knowledge’s sake is termed ‘pure’ or basic research.”
Research concerning some natural phenomenon or relating to pure mathematics are examples of fundamental research.
Similarly, research studies, concerning human behavior, are also examples of fundamental research. -Color and purchase behaviour
The basic research is directed towards finding information that has a broad base of application and thus, adds to the already existing organized body of scientific knowledge.
5. Quantitative Research
It is based on the measurementof quality or amount in quantity. Number of people like the brand due to different reasons
It is applicable to phenomena that can be expressed in terms of quantity. –numbers,,%
6. Conceptual Research
It is that related to some abstract idea(s) or theory.
It is generally used by philosophers and thinkers to develop new concepts or to reinterprets existing ones.
Ex.Bridge positioning could save wastage of expenditure on promotion
Religiosity could affect the Mall purchase behaviour
7. Empirical Research or Experimental Research
It relies on experience or observation alone, often without due regard for system and theory.
It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable of being verified by observation or experiment. We can also call it as experimental research. Role of music in retail outlets –playing music and those not playing music and its role on consumer behaviour
In such research it is necessary to get facts firsthand, the researcher must first provide himself with a working hypothesis or guess as to the probable results. He then works to get enough facts (data) to prove or disprove his hypothesis. He then sets up experimental design s which he thinks will manipulate the person or the materials concerned so a to bring for the desired information
Such research is the characterized by the experiment’s control over the variables under study and his deliberate manipulation of one them to study its effects.
Empirical research is appropriate when proof is sought that certain variables affect other variables in some way.:auto-carpurchase-gender and education and income
Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis
8. Observational Studies
In this case the data are collected by observing some process which may be well understood. Other examples can be the study of hospital records to see if they indicate that the incidence of a disease is related to blood groups, or accident records might be used to access the effects of changing traffic laws.
A sample survey, which is used to gain peoples’ attitudes to political questions or consumer goods is also a type of observational study.
9. Historical research
It is involved with the study of past events
Factors leading to the development and growth of cooperative learning.
It utilizes historical sources like documents, remains, etc. to study events or ideas of the past, including the philosophy of persons and groups at any remote point of time.
ExampleAfter Gandhi the changing leadership of politicians ,the effects of decisions of the AICTES On Indian Education.
10. Correlational research
It attempts to determine whether and to what degree, a relationship exists between two or more quantifiable (numerical) variables.
However, it is important to remember that just because there is a significant relationship between two variables it does not follow that one variable causes the other.
When two variables are correlated you can use the relationship to predict the value on one variable for a subject if you know that subject's value on the other variable.
Correlation implies prediction but not causation.
The investigator frequently uses the correlation coefficient to report the results of Correlational research.
Examplesare The relationship between intelligence and self-esteem or The relationship between anxiety and achievement or The use of an aptitude test to predict success in an algebra course.
11.Causal-effect comparative research
It attempts to establish cause-effect relationships among the variables of the study.
The attempt is to establish that values of the independent variable have a significant effect on the dependent variable.
This type of research usually involves group comparisons.
The groups in the study make up the values of the independent variable, for example gender (male versus female), preschool attendance versus no preschool attendance, or children with a working mother versus children without a working mother.
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